FROM CENTRAL PARK TO CENTRAL AMERICA

Protect the Five Great Forests to protect our Shared Birds


Left. A quarter of the world’s Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) overwinter in the Five Great Forests. Photo by Andrew Spencer for the Cornell Lab of Ornithology / Macaulay Library.  Right. Sheny Ramírez, a community member from Cruce a La Colorada in Guatemala’s Selva Maya, carries tree seedlings from a local nursery to plant at a restoration site. Photo by César Paz / WCS Guatemala.

The Central Park to Central America Initiative unites the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s world-leading science with the Wildlife Conservation Society’s unmatched field capacity and government partnerships to protect and restore Mesoamerica’s Five Great Forests. 

These last large tropical forests in the region are critical to the survival of many beloved species - like the Wood Thrush, Golden-winged Warbler, and Broad-winged Hawk - that connect backyard birders in the U.S. and Canada to communities and forests thousands of miles away.  

These five forests support between one-tenth and nearly one-half of the global populations of 40 migratory bird species, including some of North America’s most rapidly declining birds. More than one-third of the world’s Kentucky Warblers and nearly one-quarter of all Wood Thrushes and Golden-winged Warblers spend the winter within these forests. 

 

If we don't act now, we will lose these forests

The Five Great Forests are vanishing rapidly. Deforestation, fueled largely by illegal cattle ranching, has already consumed millions of acres.

Map. Forest loss in the Five Great Forests between 2015 and 2024. Ninety percent of this was driven by illegal cattle ranching.
El BotadónLeft photo: Cutting and burning of a 900-hectare swathe of rainforest in the heart of Guatemala’s Selva Maya in 2009. Right photo: Illegal cattle ranching in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, which is intended to protect the Guatemalan part of the Selva Maya.

 

The damage reverberates far beyond Central America

The Cornell Lab’s science has enabled us to map “sister landscapes” to the Five Great Forests in North America - the places where the migratory species that need Central America’s forests concentrate during spring and summer. These eastern forests, from Appalachia to the Great Lakes to New England, would fall silent if Central America’s great forests were lost.

Population concentrations in North America for the migratory bird species that depend on the Five Great Forests. From Lello-Smith et al., 2025. Leveraging participatory science data to guide cross-border conservation of migratory birds: A case study from Mesoamerica’s Five Great Forests. Biological Conservation.

 

Our objectives and the strategies to achieve them

Together, we can protect what remains and bring back what’s been lost. By 2030, we will:

  • Secure an area of intact forest the size of Kentucky (10 million hectares) 

  • Restore a Delaware-sized area (500,000 hectares) of degraded and cleared forest habitat 

  • Eliminate destructive illegal cattle ranching from the Five Great Forests. 

  • Safeguard key migration stopovers and core wintering habitat for 40+ bird species like Wood Thrush and Golden-winged Warbler

Reforestation of a 200-hectare former cattle pasture in Guatemala’s Selva Maya between 2020 and 2024. Animation courtesy of WCS Guatemala

 

Science-to-Action Alliance

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s cutting-edge avian science in partnership with WCS’s unmatched on-the-ground presence enables strategic and targeted conservation that delivers measurable impact where it matters most. 

For the first time, we hold a powerful combination: the ability to pinpoint the most critical places for hundreds of migratory bird species – week by week, across the entire year – and the infrastructure to protect them at the speed and scale this crisis demands. 

Each fall, billions of migratory birds funnel from across North America into the narrow land bridge of Central America. The Five Great Forests are at the heart of that funnel. Map shows the density of the top 40 migratory bird species that use the Five Great Forests, from July - December 2022. By the Cornell Lab using species’ relative abundance estimates from the eBird Status and Trends Project.

 

Cornell Lab

 

Precision at an unprecedented scale

Birders around the world have contributed more than two billion observations to the Cornell Lab’s eBird platform, powering data analyses showing where, when, and how many birds are using habitats across the landscape. The Cornell Lab’s models can zoom down to areas roughly the size of Central Park — small enough to guide protection efforts to specific valleys, ridges, or forest groves that matter most for declining species.

 

The global-local connection

A teacher in Honduras logging a warbler sighting connects directly to abundance models that guide habitat protection from Canada to Costa Rica. People living in the Five Great Forests are contributing data on birds in their own communities, feeding into continental-scale conservation decisions. 

Left to right: Male Golden-winged Warbler by Phil Chaon for the Cornell Lab of Ornithology / Macaulay Library; Catalina Ramírez and Ana Chub, community bird monitors from Guatemala’s Selva Maya, contribute their bird sightings to eBird; expert bird guides in Guatemala’s Selva Maya trained by WCS Guatemala with support from the Cornell Lab.

 

Real-time health monitoring

The Cornell Lab’s science can identify where bird communities should be thriving based on habitat quality — but aren’t. This reveals hidden threats like pesticide use, hunting pressure, or climate impacts before populations collapse, enabling further investigation and rapid intervention.

 

The WCS Difference

 

Field expertise where it matters

WCS is the only conservation organization with feet in the field across all Five Great Forests, and deep relationships built over decades. 

 

Community trust that enables action

90% local workforce and partnerships with Indigenous Peoples, and local communities who steward these landscapes.

 

Government relationships that create policy

From village councils to national ministries, WCS partners to influence the decisions that determine forest futures.

 

Proven conservation methods

Science-based approaches tested across the most challenging conservation contexts on Earth.

Left: Nursery in San Miguel, Petén, where seedlings such as mahogany and aceituno are propagated before being transplanted to restoration areas. Right: In the zones currently undergoing restoration, the results are already visible, with young trees establishing well and native vegetation beginning to recover.

 

Field Team: these are the people who are making this happen


Casimiro Pantí
 
A community leader from Guatemala’s Selva Maya leading restoration efforts. Local women and men tend two native tree nurseries producing tens of thousands of seedlings annually, replanting former cattle pastures with species that attract wildlife and provide sustainable livelihoods. 

Yamileth Martínez
 
A park ranger from the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve who patrols the forest to deter illegal activities, monitors biodiversity, and contributes to community-led reforestation efforts. Her commitment was seeded early in life when she witnessed the destruction of forest near her home. 

Catalina López
 
A young Guatemalan birder helping monitor migratory birds and resident species in the Selva Maya through eBird. An experienced bird bander, she also trains local youth in bird identification and conservation, building the next generation of forest stewards. 

Rachael Vega
 
A community health worker who leads fire suppression efforts in and around her community, securing the intact forest in Belize’s Maya Forest Corridor for wildlife. She says, “Something needs to be done to ensure my grandkids and their grandkids can enjoy the forest.”

 


The Cornell Lab’s Center for Conservation Media partnered with WCS to illuminate how birds connect us across the hemisphere

Watch the video to learn more about the Five Great Forests, the migratory species they sustain, and the local stewards leading the fight to keep them standing so that we can all keep welcoming our birds back year after year.


Learn more about the work related to migratory birds and the conservation and restoration of the ecosystems

Replanting forest in Guatemala’s Selva Maya
Restoring Belize’s Maya Forest Corridor
Developing cacao agroforestry in the Honduran Moskitia
Declaring a new Indigenous anthropological reserve in the Moskitia’s Warunta territory

More information: Anna Lello-Smith, Avian Conservation Coordinator for WCS Mesoamerica & Western Caribbean / alellosmith@wcs.org

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