Steppe birds, those particularly adapted to flat open landscapes dominated by grass or dwarf-shrub vegetation, represent the most threatened bird assemblage globally. Their decline is primarily due to the historical transformation of original steppe habitats and the intensification of agricultural practices in dry cereal farmlands and extensively grazed grasslands, which currently constitute their main habitat.
Mongolia’s steppe regions provide critical habitat for many of these threatened species. The steppe ecosystem's unique conditions support a variety of birds, many of which are specially adapted to these vast, open landscapes. However, the steppe birds face significant challenges due to habitat loss, agricultural expansion, and climate change. Key species include:
- Saker Falcon: Listed as endangered, this raptor is highly prized in falconry, leading to significant poaching and illegal trade.
- Asian Great Bustard: This subspecies of the great bustard is classified as critically endangered, with its population severely impacted by habitat destruction and hunting.
- Mongolian Lark: Though currently listed as least concern, the Mongolian lark's population is threatened by overgrazing and habitat fragmentation.
- Steppe Eagle: Classified as endangered, this large bird of prey faces threats from habitat loss, poisoning, and electrocution from power lines.
- Cinereous Vulture: Also known as the Eurasian black vulture, it is listed as near threatened due to habitat destruction, poisoning, and declining food availability.
Efforts to conserve steppe birds in Mongolia include habitat protection, sustainable land management practices, and community engagement to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Additionally, international cooperation is essential to address the transboundary nature of these species' conservation needs.